The Extent And Consequences Of P Hacking - 1549 Words

Reflection on â€Å"The extent and consequences of P hacking in Science† Megan L. Head, Luke Holman, Rob Lanfear, Andrew T. Kahn, Michael D. Jennions The replication crisis is a topic that has gained a fair amount of attention in the past years. It centers on the finding that numerous of the studies that have been conducted in the field of psychology cannot be replicated. Only recently a paper was published in Nature stating that less than half of the studies in psychology can be reproduced. It has been shown that this effect is not only applicable to studies of the psychological science, but also to medicine, technology, mathematical sciences, and many other disciplines in which research is being done. The mechanisms (X) that are responsible†¦show more content†¦All of these methods fall under the category of p hacking, also known as data dredging, data fishing, data snooping, or equating fitting. If p hacking had a slogan, it would say, â€Å"If you torture data long enough, they will confess†. It refers to the method of analyzing data in different ways in order to gain the desired p value of 0.05 (or a p value of 0.001, for purposes of simplicity, in the following, I will refer to a p value of 0.05 as significance level). The present paper addresses this topic by giving an overview of different forms of p hacking, explaining how p curves are used to assess p hacking and doing two types of analyses to determine the extent of p hacking. They conclude with a section on the recommendations how to reduce p hacking in the future. Head et al. use two different approaches to determine the extent of p hacking in their analysis. The first method they pursue is the so-called text mining. This method uses automatic text evaluation with predetermined parameters. In this case, Head et al. search for p values in all open access papers that are accessible through the data base pubmed. They include all p values that are reported exactly (i.e. ‘p = ‘). It had been shown in previous statistical analyses through text mining that p hacking is present, but the objection had been expressed, that only the abstracts section was being examined. Here, Head et al. present text-mining data from both the results and the abstracts sections of all

Far Cry from Where We Want to Be but Were on the Right Path

With less than one year and seven months left to achieve their goals, can the ‘United Nations Millennium Campaign’ be considered a success? In September 2000, with the new millennium coming to an end, the ever looming reality of the serious issues, such as extreme poverty and hunger that had been plaguing third world countries and the less fortunate, had officially been brought to light and must be dealt with. These issues were compiled and formed the basis of what is known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Eight goals that the United Nations Millennium Campaign have set out to achieve by 2015, which include; â€Å"Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, universal primary education, gender equality and female empowerment, the reduction of child mortality, the improvement of maternal health, fighting HIV/AIDS, malaria and other serious diseases, environmental sustainability and finally a global partnership for development†(SOURCE http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/goals/index.htm). Fourteen years later, with just over a year left until the self-imposed deadline, the question is ‘Can the Millennium Development Goals be considered a success?’ I personally believe the MDGs to be a success in that, not only did they raise awareness and bring to light many serious issues that had made life in countries, such as those in Africa and other developing countries difficult or unbearable, less so; but they have implemented ways to remedy the problems that created unfair livingShow MoreRelatedShort Story1311 Words   |  6 Pagesdirections to where I was being taken. When I awoke dirty looks started to sprout, dirty looks aimed at me. It looked to me as if these guys had never seen a felon. Surprising given their line of work was stopping â€Å"people like me†. Maybe they were expecting me to apologize. ‘Oh! Sorry for corrupting this everlasting pandemonium you call a planet. May I go now?’ The thing is I’m not sorry. I did what I did knowing full well the consequences. 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You’re a Kid No Matter What Free Essays

Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. We will write a custom essay sample on You’re a Kid No Matter What or any similar topic only for you Order Now Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C.  E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C.  E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong. How to cite You’re a Kid No Matter What, Papers You’re a Kid No Matter What Free Essays Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. We will write a custom essay sample on You’re a Kid No Matter What or any similar topic only for you Order Now Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C.E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C.E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong How to cite You’re a Kid No Matter What, Papers

American Influence over New Zealand Culture Essay Example For Students

American Influence over New Zealand Culture Essay Running head: AMERICAN INFLUENCE OVER NEW ZEALAND CULTUREAmerican Influence over New Zealand CultureAbstractWar World 2 was a pivotal point of change for New Zealand. The country went from being a colonial country dependent or rather in awe of our mother country, England, to being a Colonial country now more excited with new contact with the new world super power of America. Americas acceptance as defender of the Pacific was the wedge that quickly romanticises the New Zealand people into a 60 year love affair with all things American. New Zealand has now reached a point where American media and influence in this country has now become integrated into the New Zealand culture and psyche itself.American Influence over New Zealand CultureSince the start of the American Invasion of New Zealand in 1942, New Zealand has become greatly dependent on America. From political to fashion, culture and entertainment, all areas of New Zealand life have been increasingly influenced from our relationship with the United States. Our loyalty/dependency to our once influential homelands in Britain, England especially, has been slowly washed away in the tides of American culture that floods the New Zealand citizen everyday. Just walking down the main street of any New Zealand town you dont have to look too far to see a touch of America. Teenagers walk down the street, pants baggy and wearing hoodies. Music from shop radios drift onto the street, at least a 75% chance that the song is American made. The shop windows display Americanised tabloid magazines whose covers are littered by American Celebrities and their tragic love triangles. Next to the tabloid magazines sits the New Zealand version of Americas T.V Guide, in its pages news and show times of the hundreds of American shows that crowd New Zealands televisions channels. Inside the store American confectionary lines the front of the store, Fruit Bursts, Nestles chocolate and a hundred others. In the corner sits a stand that holds a selection of Top 40 music Compact Disks, all American artists. And in the refrigerated drink units Americas product spearhead, Coke, sits cooling away waiting to be snatched up by the next customer who walks in. People line up at the movie theatre next door, five movies showing, all American. In the street outside a Ford Falcon is parked, another passes by on its way home. As the Ford Falcon pulls up its driveway you can see that even at home there is no escape from the relenting influence of the American juggernaut. In the garage, the fathers home away from home, an American Ford calendar hangs; on its pages are all American girls half naked and crawling seductively over all American cars. American brand electronic equipment is spread though out the house. In the kids bed rooms the walls are plastered with dozens of posters of teen pop super stars and the latest young actors and actresses from Hollywood. The rooms are virtual shrines to all that is the American celebrity. In their shelves numerous CDs, DVDs and video games are stacked, almost all are American. Their wardrobes are lined back to back with American labels, Sean Jones; P-Diddys jeans label is evident in the drawers. Britney Spears new perfume becomes a centre piece of the dresser in the corner. Finding something uniquely New Zealand culture is a near impossibility. A bone carved necklace lies on the desktop, but something that was once only carved as a hook or art of Maori in origin now has been carved to resemble the new symbol for a sons new favourite American rock band. In the kitchen, next to the bin, is a small pile of empty Kentucky Fried Chicken boxes, left over from the weekly Friday feed of American takeaways eaten the day before. In the freezer, stacked like bricks, are boxes upon boxes of microwave dinners and easy quick cooking frozen food. Long gone are the days of starting to prepare a nice home cooked meal from scratch, not when you can nuke it. .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833 , .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833 .postImageUrl , .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833 , .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833:hover , .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833:visited , .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833:active { border:0!important; } .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833:active , .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833 .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u32062a764269fc2c40ff7da6b6393833:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ISO 900 Essay Out the back of the house are a few small slabs of concrete and a worn Basket Ball hoop where the kids have spent countless hours dreaming